At around 04:14 UTC on the 15th January 2022, a major volcanic eruption began beneath the Tongan islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha’apai (175.4W, 20.5S). Located under only a shallow depth of water, the volcano rapidly launched a plume of super-heated ash and vapourised water upwards into the atmosphere. Over the next few hours, satellite observations reveal unprecedented large-scale concentric waves in the mid-stratosphere (near 40km altitude) radiating away from the eruption across the entire Pacific Ocean. In this presentation, we show brightness temperature perturbations in the 4.3 micron bands of the AIRS/Aqua, CrIS/Suomi-NPP and CrIS/JPSS-1 instruments that reveal three groups of atmospheric waves of special interest. First, an initial concentric wave is found travelling near the stratospheric speed of sound, likely to be an acoustic compression wave. There then follows a gap, which corresponds to phase speeds not permitted by theory, then a second group of waves likely to be gravity waves. These gravity waves are shown to be travelling near the maximum phase speed permitted, and there is a suggestion that some may travel the whole way around the globe in the tropics. Third, we observe small-scale gravity waves that pervade many thousands of kilometres across almost the entire Pacific Ocean, suggesting an extremely consistent heating source. All three of these wave observations are unprecedented in more than 20 years of stratospheric satellite observations, and this eruption may potentially have produced the first observations of an acoustic wave in the mid-stratosphere that can be measured from space. Now that we have space-borne instruments to observe it, this volcanic eruption provides a unique test of theoretical predictions of atmospheric wave phase speeds on some of the largest scales possible.

How to cite: Hindley, N., Hoffmann, L., Alexander, M. J., Mitchell, C., Osprey, S., Randall, C., Wright, C., and Yue, J.: The global reach of gravity waves at the stratospheric speed limit from the 2022 Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-10645, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10645, 2022.

We investigate the influence of a barotropic geostrophic current on
the internal wave (IW) generation over a shelf slope.
It is well known that most of the energy in the tide-topography
generated waves lies in waves with tidal frequency $\sigma_T$. 
Here we restrict our attention on the frequencies other than the dominant frequency $\sigma_T$. 
The current $V_g(x)$ is modeled as an idealized Gaussian function centered at
$x_0$ with width $x_r$ and maximum velocity $V_{max}$.
The bathymetry is modelled as a linear slope with smoothed corners.
Since the center of the current lies on the slope, there will always
be a region on the slope where the effective frequency $f_{eff}$ is
greater than the Coriolis parameter $f$ and another region where
$f_{eff} < f$. Parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) occurs where
waves with approximately half of the primary wave frequency, in this
case $\sigma_T/2$, are generated. In the presence of a large current,
PSI can occur where $f_{eff} < \sigma_T/2 < f$. This could not
happen without a current, i.e. $f_{eff} = f > \sigma_T/2$. Other interesting
interactions, including interharmonics and strong tidal harmonics, are also observed.

How to cite: He, Y. and Lamb, K.: Tide-topography interactions: the influence of an along-shelf current on the internal wave spectrum, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6715, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6715, 2022.

An experimental study of the focused internal waves generated by a horizontally oscillating torus in a linearly stratified fluid is presented for a large range of Stokes numbers from 100 to 6000. For low Stokes number the waves are unimodal, i.e. in each propagation direction they diffuse to form a single wave beam, after their emission at the critical locations where the wave rays are tangential to the torus boundary. In that regime, the waves amplify in amplitude in a single focal zone. With increasing Stokes number the waves become bimodal, forming dual wave beams in each propagation direction and focusing in four zones of amplitude amplification.

Comparison of the experimental results at small oscillation amplitude with an original linear theory gives excellent agreement over the entire Stokes number range. As the oscillation amplitude increases the wave amplitude saturates in the focal zone. This saturation only appears at large oscillation amplitude for low Stokes number and is present already at moderate oscillation amplitude for high Stokes number.

Fourier analysis reveals triadic interactions of the fundamental wave with two subharmonic waves owing to focusing. This triadic resonance is visible only at large oscillation amplitude when viscous effects are high, i.e. for low Stokes number, but with increasing Stokes number it manifests itself at smaller oscillation amplitude. For high Stokes numbers, above 1800, and large oscillation amplitudes, greater than or equal to the minor radius of the torus, wave turbulence is observed.

The Stokes drift, calculated theoretically, appears as the key to understand the generation of vertical mean flow in the focal zone. At low and moderate Stokes numbers the mean flow is almost exactly opposed by the Stokes drift, while for higher Stokes numbers perturbations of this flow start to appear with time, possibly due to the generation of subharmonics.

How to cite: Shmakova, N., Voisin, B., Sommeria, J., and Flor, J.-B.: Effects of viscosity on internal wave focusing by an oscillating torus. , EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6834, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6834, 2022.

Resolving inertia-gravity (IG, or gravity) waves poses a real challenge for the formulation of numerical schemes for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models due to different time scales of Rossby wave dynamics and fast-propagating IG waves. With ever increasing emphasize placed on high-resolution simulations, the importance of the issue is growing due to the implications of Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) stability criterium. It is especially prominent in the tropical atmosphere, where a significant part of variability is associated with divergence-dominated dynamics. Detangling gravity and Rossby wave dynamics in the tropics is a challenging problem due to a lack of sepaartion between the Rossby and gravity regime that is present in the extra-tropics.   

TIGAR (Transient Inertia Gravity and Rossby wave dynamics) targets this problem by employing the eigensolutions of the linearized primitive equations on the sphere as the basis functions for the numerical representation of dynamical variables. This leads to the description of dynamics in terms of physically identifiable structures, i.e. the Rossby and gravity waves, which are fully dynamically separated at the linearization level. The benefits of such approach can be reaped on analytical, modelling and computational sides. As a research tool, TIGAR allows to study wave-wave interections directly in the model, without the need of intermediate software for wave filtering. Simplified models aimed at particular dynamical regime can be obtained from a full model with a simple configuration change. For instance, retaining only the Rossby modes in the spectral expansion will result in the quasi-geostrophic model, while additionally keeping the Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity waves will reproduce essential features of tropical circulation. 

Numerically, high precision computation is achieved in TIGAR through the use of higher order exponential time-differencing schemes, which take advantage of the normal modes framework, leading to the major increase in computational efficiency and stability. The comparison with classical time-stepping schemes in the horizontal component of the model shows accuracy improvements of several orders of magnitude at the same computational cost. In our testing on multiscale flows, the stability gains associated with the enhanced representation of gravity wave dynamics raise CFL time-step bound for explicit schemes by a factor of 4-6. 

We present TIGAR solutions of some classical steady and time-dependent problems including barotropic and baroclinic instability tests.

How to cite: Vasylkevych, S. and Žagar, N.: TIGAR - a new global atmospheric model for the simulation of Transient Inertia-Gravity And Rossby wave dynamics, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6185, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6185, 2022.

Gravity waves impact the large scale circulation, and increasing our understanding of them is important to improve weather and climate models. This presentation focusses on atmospheric gravity waves in the stratosphere using data from the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis, AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) on NASA’s Aqua satellite and a high resolution run of the IFS operated at a km-scale spatial resolution. Data was examined during the first 2 weeks of November, as the high resolution model was initialized on the 1^st of this month. Asia and surrounding regions are investigated, because preliminary studies of AIRS data suggested strong gravity wave activity in this region during this time period. Waves can also be seen in the ERA5 data at the same times and locations. The high resolution model also shows significant gravity wave activity in similar areas to where it is seen in the AIRS data, particularly over Russia. The 2D+1 S-Transform was used to find wave amplitudes, horizontal and vertical wavelengths and momentum flux for all three datasets. Weather models are advancing rapidly and km scales such as the experimental IFS run could become operational in next decade. At these grid scales, gravity waves must be resolved instead of parameterized so the models need to be tested to see if they do this correctly. This work provides information on how a cutting edge model resolves gravity waves compared to observations.

How to cite: Lear, E., Wright, C., Hindley, N., and Polichtchouk, I.: Comparing gravity waves in a kilometer scale run of the IFS to AIRS satellite observations, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6323, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6323, 2022.

Terrestrial atmosphere supports propagation of various wave types. An important component of the dynamics especially in the middle atmosphere are the internal gravity waves (GWs) that are incessantly being generated from initial perturbations in a stably stratified atmosphere. Horizontal GW wavelengths range from a few to thousands of kilometres. Together with a wide range of temporal and vertical scales, this complicates their global observations and modeling, requiring high resolution model simulations. Subsequent analyses, nevertheless, contain a significant margin of uncertainty originating in the separation of GWs from the background flow, which is often performed by statistical means. In our work, we explore properties of a Gaussian high-pass filter method, using a deep WRF simulation with the horizontal resolution of 3 km in the region of the Drake Passage. Due to the revealed sensitivity of momentum flux and drag estimates to a filter cutoff parameter, we propose a new method that sets the value of the parameter on the basis of the horizontal spectra of horizontal kinetic energy.

How to cite: Procházková, Z., Kruse, C., Kuchař, A., Pišoft, P., and Šácha, P.: Detection of internal gravity waves by high-pass filtering, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-3884, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3884, 2022.

The infrared emission lines observed between 80 and 100 km known as nightglow allow the investigation of dynamic phenomena such as gravity waves. These perturbations act on local temperature and density. However, the observation of the local perturbations in the nightglow layer is mainly performed by spectrally broad cameras. Swenson and Gardner (1998) introduced the cancellation factor linking relative variations of intensity with relative variations of temperature. The cancellation factor is a function of the perturbation vertical wavelength estimated from simulation that do not include spectral variations. In this study, we intend to estimate the spectral variability of the cancellation factor, in particular within the range 0.9-1.7 µm corresponding to infrared InGaAs camera, used during measurement campaigns. We describe briefly the model that resolves the vibrational states of the nightglow main source (OH). Then vertically propagating gravity waves are applied on a 1D scheme and the cancellation factor is computed based on the impact on both temperature and intensity. Spectral variations of the cancellation factor are observed and compared along the variation of the vertical wavelength.

How to cite: Bellisario, C., Simoneau, P., Hauchecorne, A., Keckhut, P., Chane-Ming, F., and Listowski, C.: Spectral variations of the cancellation factor for temperature investigation in the mesospheric nightglow layer, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-4192, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-4192, 2022.

Observations and high resolution models suggest a high potential for gravity waves (GW) to propagate horizontally, which is usually not considered in current parameterizations of general circulation models (GCM). For a quantification of the oblique propagation of orographic GWs and their transport of momentum throughout the atmosphere, we present a mountain wave model (MWM) that describes the terrain induced GW sources, propagation and momentum flux. Being aware of horizontal wind gradients, the model also allows for GW refraction which leads to a turning of the wave vector.

The MWM we present here is a simplified model identifying orographic GW sources from topography data. It is similar to the one presented in Bacmeister et.al. (1994). First, the topography is smoothed using a Gaussian bandpass filter, which allows to consider the different scales of generated MWs separately. This smoothed topography is afterwards reduced to the inherent ridge structure (i.e. to the arêtes of mountains) by employing edge and line detection algorithms from computer vision. Using this underlying arête structure in combination with a fit of idealized Gaussian-shaped mountain ridges to the topography gives us a straightforward way of determining MW parameters for launching a ray, i.e. source location, orientation and size of the wave vector as well as the displacement amplitude. These parameters are then used to calculate the propagation in space and time in given atmospheric backgrounds (determined from smoothed ERA5 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis 5th Generation) data) with the ray tracer GROGRAT. The results can then be binned in terms of momentum flux and drag or used for a reconstruction of 3D temperature perturbations for a given time.

The MWM presented here has been validated against global satellite data as well as local measurements to a new quality compared to previous studies. The validation has been performed by applying an instrument-specific observational filter to the model data before considering global maps of momentum flux distributions and horizontal cross-sections of temperature perturbations. Comparisons of these to satellite data and limb measurement retrievals respectively will be shown in this presentation.

How to cite: Rhode, S., Preusse, P., Ern, M., Krasauskas, L., Geldenhuys, M., and Riese, M.: Quantification of oblique orographic gravity wave propagation deduced from a mountain wave model, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-6993, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-6993, 2022.